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Teos. Granting of land to the artists of Dionysos

Description: Blue marble stele ( h: 0.22 m w: 0.46 m ); broken on upper side, on the right and on the left

Layout: the writing is left to right

Letters: Ionic letters

Origin: Teos, temple of Dionysos

Dating: late 3rd century – early 2nd century BC

Findspot: a Turkish cemetery near Sivrihissar (western Turkey)

Current location: Sivrihissar, archeological museum (?)

Reference edition: Demangel, Laumonier 1922, 312-319 (ed. pr.); ll. 2-3 according to Robert, Ét.anat., 39-44

Other editions: SEG 2 580; H.W. Pleket, Epigraphica 37; Pickard-Cambridge 19682, 314; Bringmann, von Steuben 1995, no. 262; B. Le Guen, Technites 39; S. Aneziri, Techniten D2; Meier 2012, no. 51 (ll. 5-18)

Photographs: Demangel, Laumonier 1922 (squeeze)

Translations: Csapo, Slater 1996, 246-247 (in English); B. Le Guen, Technites 39 (in French)

Bibliography: Cardinali 1906, 78-102; Holleaux 1924, 24-27; Ruge 1934, cols. 560-564; Jones 19712, 55-56 and n. 40; Pickard-Cambridge 19682, 279-321; Herrmann 1965, 101-104 and passim; Rigsby, Asylia, 279-292; Csapo, Slater 1996, 239-242, 246-247; Ma 2004, 63-73, 260-265; Schuler 2005, 387-403; Migeotte 2006a, 77-97; Migeotte 2006b, 379-394; Rhodes 2007, 349-362; Rubinstein 2009, 115-143

[ - - - ]..[ - - - ]
[τὸν] ἱερέα το[ῦ Διονύσου ἐν τοῖς Διονυσί]οις καὶ [τὸν]
[πρ]ύτανιν ἐν τῶι πρυ[τανείωι καὶ τὸν ἱε]ροκήρυκα [ἐν]
[τ]αῖς ἐκλησίαις γίνεσθαι τἀγαθὰ καὶ τῶι κοινῶι τῶ[ν πε-]
5[ρὶ τ]ὸν Διόνυσον τεχνιτῶν· ἀγοράσαι δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ κ̣[τῆ-]
[μα] ἔγγεον ἐν τῆι πόλει ἢ τῆι χώραι ἀπὸ δρα(χμῶν) 𐅆Χ
[καὶ] προσαγορεύεσθαι τὸ ἀγορασθὲν κτῆμα ἱερὸν ὃ ἀν[έθη-]
[κε] ὁ δῆμος τῶι κοινῶι τῶν περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τ[ε-]
[χ]νιτῶν, ὂν ἀτελὲς ὧν ἡ πόλις ἐπιβάλλει τελῶν· ἀ[πο-]
10δεῖξαι δὲ καὶ ἄνδρας δύο οἵτινες κτηματωνήσου[σιν]
[ἐ]π’ ἀναφορᾶι τῆι πρὸς τὸν δῆμον· ἵνα δὲ τὸ ἀργύριο[ν]
[ὑπ]άρχηι εἰς τὴν κτηματωνίαν, τοὺς ταμίας τοὺς [ἐ-]
[ν]εστηκότας δοῦναι τοῖς ἀποδειχθησομένοις δρα(χμὰς)
[Χ]ΧΧ ἐκ τοῦ μετενηνεγμένου ἐκ τοῦ λόγου τῆς ὀ[χυ-]
15[ρ]ώσεως ὃ δέδοται εἰς τὴν τιμὴν τοῦ σίτου· τὸ δὲ ὑπ[ο-]
[λι]πὲς δρα(χμὰς) ΧΧΧ δότωσαν οἱ εἰσιόντες ταμίαι ἐκ τ[ῶν]
[πρ]ώτων δοθησομένων αὐτοῖς ἐγ βασιλικοῦ εἰς τ[ὴν]
[τῆ]ς πόλεως διοίκησιν· δεδόσθαι δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐπο-
[χὴ]ν ἔτη πέντε ἀπὸ μηνὸς Λευκαθεῶνος καὶ πρυτ[άνε-]
20[ως] Μητροδώρου· ὅπως δὲ καὶ τὰ δόξαντα τῶι δήμ[ωι]
[πά]ντες εἰδῶσιν, ἀναγράψαι τόδε τὸ ψήφισμα εἰς [στή-]
[λη]ν λιθίνην καὶ τὸν στέφανον καὶ ἀναθεῖναι παρὰ
[τὸ]ν νεὼ τοῦ Διονύσου· ἀναγράψαι δὲ καὶ εἰς τὴν παρ[α-]
[στά]δα τοῦ θεάτρου τὸ ψήφισμα τόδε καὶ τὸν στέφαν[ον]·
25[τῆ]ς δὲ ἀναγραφῆς τῶν στεφάνων {Ι} καὶ ψηφίσματ[ος]
[καὶ τ]ῆς στήλης τὴν κατασκευὴν τὴν ἔγδοσιν π[ο-]
[ιείσθ]ωσαν οἱ ἐνεστηκότες ταμίαι καὶ τὸ ἀνάλωμ[α]
[δότ]ωσαν οἱ ἐνεστηκότες ταμίαι· τοὺς δὲ πρεσβ̣[ευ-]
[τὰς] τοὺς ἀποδεδειγμένους ἀποδοῦναι τὸ ψήφι[σ-]
30[μα τόδ]ε τοῖς περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τεχνίταις καὶ ἐπ[αι-]
[νέσαι α]ὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τῆι εὐνοίαι ἣν ἔχοντες διατε-
[λοῦσι] περὶ τὸν δῆμον τὸν Τηΐων. ἀπεδείχθη-
[σαν κτ]ηματωνήσοντες (vac. )
[. 6.]Σ Ἐπιτιμίδου (vac. ) Θερσίων Φάνου.

Apparatus criticus: l. 1: [εὔχεσθαι] Robert. l. 3: [καὶ τὸν ἱε]ροκήρυκα Robert : [εὔξασθαι δὲ τοὺς δ]ύο κήρυκα[ς] Demangel and Laumonier (the restoration is too long). ll. 6-7: ἀν[έθη|κε] Crönert apud SEG : ἀν[ατίθη|σι] Demangel and Laumonier, maybe too long : ἀν[έδει|ξε] Roussel (BE, 1924, no. 353). l. 28: ΠΒΕΣΒ̣[ - - - ] stone.

Translation:
[ - - - resolved] that the priest of Dionysos at the Dionysiac festival and the prytanis in the prytanic office and the sacred herald at the assemblies pray for prosperity also for the Association of the Artists of Dionysos (i.e. as well as for the city); to buy for them a parcel of land in the city or territory to the value of six thousand drachmas, and to proclaim as sacred the land bought, which the people have dedicated to the Association of the Artists of Dionysos, as being free of the taxes that the city imposes; to appoint two men, to buy property for referral to the people; in order that the money be available for the purchase, the treasurers in office are to give to the men to be appointed three thousand drachmas from the amount transferred from the fortification account, which was given for the payment of corn; let the incoming treasurers pay out the remaining three thousand drachmas from the first payments to be made to <the technitai> from the royal treasure for city administration; a stay of repayment is also to be granted to them for five years beginning in the month Leukatheon and the prytany of Metrodorus.
In order that all may be aware of the decrees of the people, this resolution and the <award of the> crown is to be engraved on a stone slab and set up by the temple of Dionysos. Also there is to be engraved on the side wall of the theater entrance this decree and <the award of> the crown. Let the treasurers in office make payment for the inscription of the crowns and decrees and the erecting of the slab; the delegates who have been appointed are to hand over this decree to the Artists of Dionysos and commend them for the goodwill, which they continue to display toward the people of Teos.
(These people) were appointed to purchase land: [ - - - ], son of Epitimides; Thersion, son of Phanes.

(Csapo and Slater, with modifications) Commentary:
This inscription concerns the granting of sacred land to the technitai of Dionysos in Teos and furnishes some details about the land purchase. We can compare OGIS 213, a Milesian decree which assigns to Antioch I the location where he will build the stoa promised to the city, specifying that the tamias will purchase that location (see especially ll. 16-20: probably, information about the fund for the purchase was furnished at the incomplete ll. 20-21); I.Magnesia 53, ll. 68-71 (decree from Klazomenai), where ξένια for theoroi who attend the festival of Artemis Leukophryene are financed by the tamias with the fund for the dioikesis (τῆς δὲ ἀποστολῆς | τῶν ξενίων ἐπιμεληθῆναι τοὺς στρατηγοὺς | καὶ τοὺς πολεμάρχας καὶ τὸν ταμίαν, τὸ δὲ ἀνά|λωμα δοῦναι τὸν ταμίαν ἐκ τῆς διοικήσεως). In the present inscription, the citizens charged to buy the land are distinguished from the tamiai, who are charged only to provide the money from several funds. In the Hellenistic Age, together with the progressive centralization of the city administration, the same magistrates were often charged to administer both public and religious expenses (Migeotte 2006b, passim: see for instance OGIS 267, ll. 5-6: the strategoi appointed by Eumenes I for the city of Pergamum administer [τάς τε κοινὰς τ]ῆς πόλεως καὶ τὰς ἱερὰς προσόδους); there were constant money transfers between public funds and religious ones (on these transfers see infra, commentary to ll. 16-18). In this context, we can understand why in this inscription the granting of sacred land to the technitai of Dionysos (a sacred association) is financed with funds for the city administration; compare I.Magnesia 98, ll. 63-67, where the psephisma about the feast and the sacrifice of a bull for Zeus will be financed by oikonomoi ἐκ τῶν πόρων ὧν ἔχουσιν εἰς πόλεως διο[ίκησιν] and be posited εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς εἰς τὴν παραστά|δα (compare the present inscription, ll. 23-24: the psephisma and the (award of the) stephanos will be inscribed εἰς τὴν παρ[α|στά]δα τοῦ θεάτρου). See infra, commentary to ll. 16-18.
Some graphic data (in particular the pi with short stroke) suggest a period between the 3rd and the 2nd century (Holleaux 1924, 25-26 n. 5). There are at least two references to Teos’ dependence on a Hellenistic king. The first one is at ll. 8-9: the technitai are exempted «from the tributes imposed by the city». This formula of limitation is typical in inscriptions from cities and communities which depend on someone else (see Jones 1971, 55-56; Rubinstein 2009, 115 and n. 1): cf. IG II2 1185; IG V 2 510 (IPArk 36r), ll. 2-4; CIG 2673b (I.Iasos 36r), ll. 2-4; 2677a (I.Iasos 45), ll. 8-11. The second one is a reference to some contributions from a royal treasure for city administration (ll. 16-18): the future participle reveals that these contributions were regular (Holleaux 1924, 25 n. 2). Therefore, the present inscription should be dated to a period of dependence on the Attalids. The kingdom of Pergamum dominated Teos during three periods (228-223, 218-201, 188-133). That Teos was included in the first conquest of Asia minor by Attalus I (228 BC) is certain from Polyb. 5.77.6: in 218, Attalus I reconquers Asia minor during Achaeus’ expedition against Selgae; Teos and Colophon restore the «former pacts» with him (Cardinali 1906, 93-95; Herrmann 1965, 102, with further bibliography; contra Walbank 1957-1979, ad loc., with not convincing objections). A third period of dependence began when, with Apamea peace, Eumenes received the tributes from those cities that had already paid tributes to Attalus (Polyb. 21.24.8; Liv. 37.55.6: see Cardinali 1906, 73-74, 81-88). That Teos paid tributes to Attalus is proved also by honorific inscription in Teos to Antioch III and Laodice (ll. 19-20, 33-34: see Herrmann 1965, 101-104). This inscription is dated between 205/4 and 202/1 (Herrmann 1965, 95-97). The privileges given by Antioch to Teos prove that the present document cannot be dated to the period of dependence on Philip V of Macedon and Antioch III (201-188).
The technitai mentioned in the inscription are surely the κοινόν of Ionia and Hellespont: they are cited for the first time in Syll.3 507, a honorific decree to this κοινόν by the Aetolians and the Delphian Amphictiony (227 BC). According to Strabo 14.1.29, the κοινόν took up residence in Teos, before it moved first to Ephesus, then to Lebedus for some contrasts with Teos (see Pickard-Cambridge 1968, 294; Aneziri, Techniten, 81; cf. I.Pergamon 163 = Aneziri, Techniten D12). The donation attested in this inscription is probably to be connected with the settling of technitai in Teos (Aneziri, Techniten, 179; cf. Rigsby, Asylia, 287). A consequence of this settling can be individuated in two honorific decree to Teos by the Aetolians and the Amphictiony (Syll.3 564, F.Delphes III.2 134 a-b), where Teos receives the ἀσυλία and all other honours «like the Artists of Dionysos», scil. oἱ τεχνῖται οἱ ἐπ’ Ἰωνίας καὶ Ἐλλησπόντου: the text is integrated according to copies from the temple of Dionysos in Teos, probably the same temple cited in the present inscription. The Delphian decree should be dated before 201 BC (see Colin in F.Delphes III.2, 135-136; cf. Herrmann 1965, 93-94); consequently, this inscription could be dated to the period of dependence on Attalus I, probably the second one (218-201).
However, John Ma has recently argued that the decrees of asylia conferred to Teos were consequent to the «consecration of Teos to Dionysos», to the asylia and to the exemption from tributes conferred to the city by Antioch III, as attested by the already-cited honorific decrees by Teos to Antioch and Laodice (SEG 41 1003, I, ll. 15-20). Ma is surely right when he thinks that the Cretan asylia decrees to Teos (Rigsby, Asylia 136-148) are consequent to the asylia conferred by Antioch (cf. Herrmann 1965, 134-136): Teos ambassadors to Crete were sustained by Hegesander of Rhodes, one of Antioch’s ambassadors. Even Rome conferred asylia to Teos with the mediation of another of Antioch’s ambassadors, Menippus (Syll.3 601: letter from the praetor peregrinus M. Valerius Messalla). These documents are similar to Teos’ decree for Antioch (see Ma 2004, 205-206 on the use of verb ἀνίημι). But in Aetolian and Delphian asylia decrees for Teos there is no mention of Antioch (a problem in Ma’s reconstruction: Ma 2004, 206). We can find a solution if we distinguish these decrees from the Cretan and Roman ones: in Aetolian and Delphian inscriptions, the asylia is due to the presence of technitai, not to the royal honours, which are probably later (these decrees have not the same verbal coincidences with Teos decree about Antioch as the Cretan ones). In addition to this, Cretan and Roman decrees should probably to be dated to the beginning of the 2nd century (Messalla is praetor peregrinus in 193: see Liv. 34.54-55), while Aetolian and Delphian decrees should be dated to the end of the 3rd century (see supra).
- l. 3. ἱεροκῆρυξ is a herald who makes announcements during festivals and religious ceremonies (cf. Milet I 3, Delphinion 145, ll. 36-40; I.Pergamon 246, OGIS 332, ll. 43-47; SEG 2 258, ll. 18-25; Syll.3 577, ll. 37-41).
- ll. 8-9. The complete name of the κοινόν is οἱ περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τεχνῖται τῆς Ἰωνίας καὶ Ἑλλησπόντου: the use of the short name has no significance here, because in Teos the identity of the κοινόν would be clear. In some Magnesia inscriptions regarding the κοινόν (I.Magnesia 89, 94, 98) we find only the short form of the name. It is even possible that the complete formula was used at the beginning of the present document, now lost: cf. CIG 3067 (Le Guen, Technites 45), ll. 1-2, 5-6: the Ionian technitai are here connected with οἱ περὶ τὸν καθηγεμόνα Διόνυσον τεχνῖται; the cult of Dionysos Kathegemon was bound with the Attalid dynasty (on Dionysos and the Attalids, see Musti 1986; the union of these two κοινά is probably to be dated to the reign of Eumenes II: see Pickard-Cambridge 1968, 292). There is the same alternation between the long name and the short name in Aneziri, Techniten D 13 (see Robert , Ét.anat., 446 ff.) On the double name, see also Aneziri, Techniten, 71-80 (but it is not probable that it was the original name).
- l. 9. Rubinstein 2009, 115-116, distinguishes two types of ateleia, honorific and economic, bound to a particular activity (frequently conferred when there was a contract between the city and a person or a group). Some cases of honorary ateleia can even be considered as economic, conferred in order to make future financial contracts more accessible: analogously, in the present inscription the ateleia aims to strengthen the relationship between Teos and the κοινόν. Another type is the ateleia conferred to an entire group of citizens or another community: the ateleia conferred to κοινά such as the technitai are similar in some respects (among many examples, Rubinstein 2009, 132 n. 4, cites a decree concerning the Aetolian technitai κοινόν: IG IX2 1 136). Dionysiac κοινά were often looking for these types of honours in order to be protected during their journeys all around the Greek world (Csapo, Slater 1996, 240; cf. Syll.3 460; 399).
- l. 11. In Syll.3 578, ll. 21-23, another inscription from Teos, the expenses by the paidonomos and the gymnasiarchos have to be approved by the assembly (same formula: ἐπ’ ἀναφορᾶι τῆι πρὸς τὸν δῆμον).
- ll. 16-18. πόροι εἰς τὴν πόλεως διοίκησιν appear in order to finance honorific and religious expenses in I.Magnesia 89, ll. 84-86 (honorary decree for technitai); 94, ll. 10-11; 98, ll. 66-67; in an inscription from Colophon (Picard, Plassart 1913, 236-238), they furnish money for inscriptions ἔκδοσις (compare for instance, besides the Magnesia inscriptions, IG XII 5 653, ll. 61-63; 715, l. 9; 716, ll. 12-13; 717, ll. 11-12). The term διοίκησις refers here to a fund for city administration, divided among several necessities. It reveals a certain degree of economic centralization. However, in most cases, evidence does not provide clear indications about the organization of these funds. A high degree of centralization, attested in decrees which organize the total administration of a city (τὰ τῆς διοικήσεως ψηφίσματα), is generally rare and contested (Schuler 2005, and Rhodes 2007, are skeptical about the effective centralizatison affected by these nomoi or psephismata about dioikesis; more emphasis on the centralization in Migeotte 2006b, 389 n. 51). In the present case, the centralization is attested rather in the transfer of some money from one fund to another: the first half of money necessary for the estate is taken from the fund εἰς τὴν ὀχύρωσιν formerly transferred to the fund for the payment of the corn.
At a first glance, these funds seem distinguished from the central fund εἰς τὴν τῆς πόλεως διοίκησιν (Schuler 2005, 401). Rhodes 2007, 361, provides a better interpretation: «the king provided a grant towards the routine expenditure of the state, and that may have been kept in a single treasury, whose name we do not know, but alternatively it may have been apportioned among various funds by some kind of merismos / diataxis». Compare Miletus’ economic administration, with a high degree of centralization and special magistrates (ἀνατάκται) charged to the sharing of public expenses (ἀνάταξις); see Migeotte 2006a, 78-83; Migeotte 2006b, 382-383; on similar divisions in Athens and in the Hellenistic world, see again Rhodes 2007, 353-355, 358-359 (μερισμός in Athens: Arist. Ath. Pol. 48.1-2). In Miletus again we find a special fund for fortification (I.Delphinion 147, ll. 64-66), cited about another money transfer in order to finance the inscription: this transfer is here due to the assignment of the κατασκευὴ τῆς στήλης and ἀναγραφὴ τοῦ ψηφίσματος to the τειχοποιοὶ μετὰ τοῦ ἀρχιτέκτονος (ll. 62-64; cf. I.Delphinion 145, ll. 82-83). Another money transfers is attested in IG XII 5 1010, ll. 5-8 (from Ios, 3rd century BC): the money for an honorific garland has to be furnished by ὁ ἡγορακὼς τὸν σῖτ|ον τὸν δημόσιον from the money he has to give to the agoranomos.
In other cases, the existence of special funds besides the ones for general administration is surely attested: SEG 39 1243, col. V, ll. 52-53: ἀπὸ τῆς φυλακῆς καὶ τῆς διοικήσεως (Colophon honorary decree; this protection fund is similar to the fortification one in Teos; an analogous protection fund is attested in I.Kyme 12, ll. 3-4).
Teos’ fund for city administration (dioikesis) is cited even in the honorary decree for Antioch and Laodice (SEG 41 1003, II, ll. 19-21): the tamias assigns to the prostatai of the symoriai a part of the dioikesis according to a division plan (τοὺς δὲ ταμίας τοὺς ἑκάστοτε γιν[ομένους | διδό]ναι τοῖς τῶν συμοριῶν προστάταις τὸ ταγὲν ἐκ τ[ῆς διοι|κήσε]ως κ.τ.λ.). This passage concerns the expenses for sacrifices and feasts in honour of the king and the queen. Other attestations of Teos’ dioikesis fund are SEG 4 601, ll. 15-16 (decree to confirm the philia with Tyrus: here it finances the xenia sent to Tyrus by Teos’ tamiai); I.Magnesia 97, ll. 24-27 (it furnishes money for ambassadors’ ephodion).
It is very interesting that the notion of διοίκησις is connected with the royal contributions: the activity of benefactors, such as wealthy citizens with extraordinary administrative powers and, in Hellenistic times, kings, improved the economic centralization; vice versa, the centralization increased the power of the élites and of individual men (Xen. Hell. 6.1.2; see Schuler 2005, 390-391, 400-401; Migeotte 2006b, 385-387 and n. 31). In Pergamum too, Eumenes I, in order to reorganize the city administration, provided five strategoi, who were charged both to public and religious expenses (see supra, introductory note). On dioikesis, see in general the already cited Schuler 2005; Migeotte 2006a; Migeotte 2006b; Rhodes 2007. A survey of the inscriptions discussed in these four studies (some of which have been cited supra) is provided in SEG 55 1989.
βασιλικόν designates the royal contributions for city administration, distinguished from the πολιτικόν, the city treasure (I.Mylasa 201, ll. 8-9; OGIS 225, ll. 9-10, RC 18, ll. 13-14): from the future participle we can argue that these contributions were regular (cf. OGIS 229, 106-107, especially l. 7: τἆλλα ὅσα εἰώθει ἐκ βασιλικοῦ δίδοσθαι αὐτοῖς). Korragos’ inscription (SEG 2 663, I.Prusa 1001) cites royal contributions εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ καὶ πόλεως διοίκησιν (Holleaux 1924, 25 n. 3). Korragos is honoured because he asked the king to furnish these contributions (we do not know the name of the city of this inscription). Complete epigraphic documentation on βασιλικόν in Holleaux 1924, 37-38.
- ll. 22-23. The most ancient temple of Dionysos in Teos was the one by Hermogenes (Vitr. 3.3.6-8; see also 4.3.1; 7, praef. 12). The temple was destroyed during a quake in 14 BC and reconstructed by Augustus; a second reconstruction is attested in the 2nd century AD, probably after another quake (see Uz 1988). The temple cited here is that of Hermogenes: Teos’ excavations have not revealed the existence of former temples (Gros 1978, 694-695; contra Aneziri, Techniten, 178). The estate given to the κοινόν was surely distinguished from the temple ground: the estate had not been bought yet, so its location was indeterminate (l. 6: ἐν τῆι πόλει ἢ τῆι χώραι, cf. Aneziri, Techniten, 177).
- l. 26. The phrase structure is not very clear: it can be corrected with the genitive τῆς κατασκευῆς (cf. Syll.3 694, l. 34, cited in SEG apparatus), but we can also interpret τὴν κατασκευήν as an accusative of respect.

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Walbank, F.W. (1957-1979), A Historical Commentary on Polybius, 3 vols., Oxford Author: Stefano Fanucchi Last update: March 2017 DOI: 10.25429/sns.it/lettere/GEI041

Greek Economic Inscriptions

GEI041

Teos. Granting of land to the artists of Dionysos